Manfaat Olahraga Renang

Berenang adalah salah satu jenis olahraga yang mampu meningkatkan kesehatan seseorang yang jg merupakan olahraga tanpa gaya gravitasi bumi (non weight barring). Berenang terbilang minim risiko cedera fisik karena saat berenang seluruh berat badan ditahan oleh air atau mengapung. Selain itu berenang merupakan olahraga yang paling dianjurkan bagi mereka yang kelebihan berat badan (obesitas), ibu hamil dan penderita gangguan persendian tulang atau arthritis. Berenang memiliki banyak manfaat yang dapat dirasakan apabila kita melakukannya secara benar dan rutin, manfaat tersebut antara lain :

Mencegah Cedera Saat Bermain Futsal

Seringkali ketika kita bermain futsal, pasti dihantui oleh cedera. Oleh karena itu, perlu solusi yang pas agar kaki tidak cedera atau terkilir pada saat bermain futsal. Langkah pertama, sebelum bermain alangkah baiknya melakukan pemanasan dahulu agar otot-otot menjadi renggang dan rileks sehingga tidak tegang. Kemudian langkah kedua adalah menggunakan sepatu futsal yang sudah diakui, karena seringkali sepatunya yang menjadi penyebab cedera, misalnya pada alas ataupun pijakannya. Adapun langkah ketiga, tidak usah terlalu dalam mencetak gol karena bila salah langkah atau salah pijak sehingga keseimbangan goyah dan akibatnya kaki terkilir, itu juga penyebab utamanya. Yang terakhir, langkah keempat usahakan sebelum hari bermainnya sudah berlatih atau mengenjot kaki agar kejadian seperti kejang atau kram tidak akan terjadi, ini sudah dilakukan oleh pemain sepakbola professional.

Selain itu, penanganan cedera dengan rehabilitasi medik terbagi berdasarkan perkembangan cedera yaitu :

1.    Stadium Akut, adanya pembengkakan dan nyeri akibat pembengkakan.
Bertujuan untuk mengatasi pembengkakan, edema yaitu dengan immobilisasi (tidak bergerak), kompres es, obat-obatan dan terapi modalitas lain. Dapat dimulai latihan gerak yang terbatas dan hati-hati.

2.    Stadium Sub-Akut, pembengkakan berkurang. Nyeri akibat regangan jaringan ikat.
Bertujuan mengurangi perlengketan dan kontraktur yaitu dengan cara latihan gerak aktif perlahan-lahan, intensitas bertambah secara bertahap.

3.    Stadium Kronik, inflamasi/pembengkakan hilang. Nyeri bukan akibat regangan jaringan ikat.
Bertujuan untuk pemulihan fungsi yaitu dengan latihan peregangan, penguatan otot dan latihan gerak fungsi secara bertahap.

    Tentu saja agar tidak terjadi cedera, Anda harus melakukan beberapa tindakan pencegahan. Untuk menghindari cedera otot, penting bagi pemain futsal untuk melakukan pemanasan, peregangan sebelum permainan dan juga pendinginan setelah permainan.

Pemanasan khususnya pada daerah kaki sebelum melakukan latihan yang berat dapat membantu mencegah terjadinya cedera. Gerakan ringan selama 3-10 menit akan menghangatkan otot sehingga otot lebih lentur dan tahan terhadap cedera.

    Pendinginan adalah mengurangi latihan secara bertahap sebelum latihan dihentikan. Misalnya dengan lari-lari kecil. Pendinginan mencegah terjadinya pusing dengan menjaga aliran darah. Jika latihan yang berat dihentikan secara tiba-tiba, darah akan terkumpul di dalam vena tungkai dan untuk sementara waktu menyebabkan berkurangnya aliran darah ke kepala. Pendinginan juga membantu membuang limbah metabolik (misalnya asam laktat dari otot), tetapi pendinginan tampaknya tidak mencegah sakit otot pada hari berikutnya, yang disebabkan oleh kerusakan serat-serat otot.

    Latihan peregangan tampaknya tidak mencegah cedera, tetapi berfungsi memperpanjang otot sehingga otot bisa berkontraksi lebih efektif dan bekerja lebih baik. Untuk menghindari kerusakan otot karena peregangan, hendaknya peregangan dilakukan setelah pemanasan atau setelah berolah raga, dan setiap gerakan peregangan ditahan selama 10 hitungan.

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Futsal

Sejarah Olah Raga Futsal

Futsal adalah permainan bola yang dimainkan oleh dua tim, yang masing-masing beranggotakan lima orang. Tujuannya adalah memasukkan bola ke gawang lawan, dengan memanipulasi bola dengan kaki. Selain lima pemain utama, setiap regu juga diizinkan memiliki pemain cadangan. Tidak seperti permainan sepak bola dalam ruangan lainnya, lapangan futsal dibatasi garis, bukan net atau papan.

Kata Futsal berasal dari bahasa Spanyol, yaitu Futbol (sepak bola) dan Sala (ruangan/indoor), dan jika digabung artinya menjadi “Sepak Bola dalam Ruangan”. Menurut versi FIFA, Sejarah Futsal ini mulai pada tahun 1930 di Montevideo, Uruguay. Pertama Futsal ini diperkenalkan oleh Juan Carlos Ceriani, seorang pelatih sepak bola asal Argentina. Ketika Hujan yang sering mengguyur Montevideo membuatnya kesal, karena rencana yang Ia susun jadi berantakan karena lapangan yang tergenang air. Lalu Ceriani memindahkan latihan ke dalam ruangan. Pertama Ia tetap menggunakan jumlah pemain 11 orang, namun karena lapangan yang sempit, Ia memutuskan untuk mengurangi jumlah pemain menjadi 5 orang tiap tim, termasuk penjaga gawang.

Sejarah Futsal versi FIFA ini tidak bisa diterima begitu saja, ada beberapa negara yang mengklaim bahwa Futsal berasal dari negara mereka masing-masing. Kanada dan Brazil termasuk negara yang mengklaim bahwa Futsal berasal dari negara mereka. Mereka menentang keras sejarah Futsal versi FIFA ini. Brazil mengklaim bahwa saat yang bersamaan dengan munculnya cerita Ceriani, pemain bola di Brazil sudah melakukan hal yang sama, namun di Brazil tidak menggunakan aturan baku, artinya aturan tiap daerah berbeda-beda.

Setelah beberapa tahun eksis, Futsal semakin terorganisir, dan FIFA pun tertarik. Karena bagaimanapun juga futsal turut memajukan industri sepakbola internasional. Pada 1989 FIFA secara resmi memasukkan futsal sebagai salah satu bagian dari sepakbola, dan FIFA juga mengambil alih penyelenggaraan kejuaraan dunia futsal.

Di bawah ini ada beberapa peraturan dalam Olah Raga Futsal :

• Lapangan Permainan :

1. Ukuran: panjang 25-42 m x lebar 15-25 m
2. Garis batas: garis selebar 8 cm, yakni garis sentuh di sisi, garis gawang di ujung-ujung, dan garis melintang tengah lapangan; 3 m lingkaran tengah; tak ada tembok penghalang atau papan
3. Daerah penalti: busur berukuran 6 m dari setiap pos
4. Garis penalti: 6 m dari titik tengah garis gawang
5. Garis penalti kedua: 12 m dari titik tengah garis gawang
6. Zona pergantian: daerah 6 m (3 m pada setiap sisi garis tengah lapangan) pada sisi tribun dari pelemparan
7. Gawang: tinggi 2 m x lebar 3 m
8. Permukaan daerah pelemparan: halus, rata, dan tak abrasif

• Bola :

1. Ukuran: #4
2. Keliling: 62-64 cm
3. Berat: 390-430 gram
4. Lambungan: 55-65 cm pada pantulan pertama
5. Bahan: kulit atau bahan yang cocok lainnya (yaitu, tak berbahaya)

• Jumlah Pemain :

1. Jumlah pemain maksimal untuk memulai pertandingan: 5, salah satunya penjaga gawang
2. Jumlah pemain minimal untuk mengakhiri pertandingan: 2
3. Jumlah pemain cadangan maksimal: 7
4. Batas jumlah pergantian pemain: tak terbatas
5.Metode pergantian: “pergantian melayang” (semua pemain kecuali penjaga gawang boleh memasuki dan meninggalkan lapangan kapan saja; pergantian penjaga gawang hanya dapat dilakukan jika bola tak sedang dimainkan dan dengan persetujuan wasit).

• Perlengkapan Permainan :

Kaos bernomor, celana pendek, kaus kaki, pelindung lutut, dan alas kaki bersolkan karet.

• Lama Permainan :

1. Lama: dua babak 20 menit; waktu diberhentikan ketika bola berhenti dimainkan. Waktu dapat diperpanjang untuk tendangan penalti.
2. Time-out: 1 per regu per babak; tak ada dalam waktu tambahan
3. Waktu pergantian babak: maksimal 10 menit.

Dangers of HIV / AIDS

Dangers of HIV / AIDS

Among the negative impact of the ease of communication among members of global society in our country is emerging and developing dangerous diseases such as HIV / AIDS. For the first time known AIDS patients in 1981 in the United States and later developed the disease widespread in Africa and western countries like Europe and Latin America to Indonesia (1987). And in 1996 known HIV / AIDS in Indonesia as many as 438 people.

Studies of the UNDP (United Nation Development Programme) states that direct and indirect costs to death spent $ 14 billion.

Is The Mean AIDS?

6 Kebiasaan Orang Indonesia Yang Bertentangan Dengan Medis

Masyarakat Indonesia banyak yang mempunyai cara-cara tersendiri untuk menyembuhkan suatu penyakit, tetapi yang paling umum adalah kebiasaan-kebiasaan dibawah ini yang sepertinya telah dipercayai turun temurun. Namun ternyata apa yang telah dipercayai dan dilakukan secara turun temurun tersebut salah menurut DR. Dr. Umar zein, DTM&H., Sp.PD., KPTI dalam bukunya ILMU KESEHATAN UMUM"

1. Masuk Angin Harus Dikerok

FAKTA :

Kerokan ternyata bukan pertanda anginnya keluar, melainkan pecahnya pembuluh kapiler tepi yang berada dikulit. Tidak mengherankan, jika beberapa waktu setelah kerokan, gejala-gejala masuk angin akan kembali terjadi. Kerokan akan menimbulkan rasa sakit, tapi karena sudah ada rasa sakit atau pegal otot, maka dengan rangsangan sakit yang baru akan menimbulkan rasa seolah-olah rasa sakit pertama berkurang atau "terlupakan".

2. Angin Duduk Harus Dikerok atau Dipijat

17 Cara Mencegah Flu dan Masuk Angin

Perubahan cuaca yang sulit diramalkan sering diikuti dengan “musim masuk angin” dan juga batuk pilek. Apa saja yang bisa kita dilakukan untuk mencegah terkena dan tertular flu.

• Apakah anda sedang mencoba untuk menghindar diri dari teman kerja anda yang terkena sakit flu, demam atau masuk angin ?
• Apakah anda tidak mau memegang setiap kenop pintu ?
• Apakah anda fobia dengan masuk angin dan flu ?

Hindarilah flu sebelum flu menjangkiti anda. Saya telah berkonsultasi dengan banyak ahli medis sehingga saya bisa membuat 13 cara untuk menghindari penyakit flu dan masuk angin :

1. Cuci tangan sehabis bersalaman. Tetapi jangan berhenti di situ, basuhlah tangan anda sebanyak mungkin. Dengan banyaknya air yang mengalir di tangan anda maka setiap kuman akan langsung turun ke pembuangan.
2. Jauhkan tangan anda. Menyentuh hidung dan mata anda dapat membuat anda tertular. Tempat itu adalah tempat yang paling umum bagi kuman untuk tinggal.

Stres dalam Masa Mengandung Cenderung Lahirkan Bayi Perempuan

Sebuah penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa wanita yang mengalami stres dan ingin mengandung akan cenderung menghasilkan bayi perempuan.

Sebuah penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Universitas Oxford mengungkapkan bahwa wanita dengan tingkat kortisol yang lebih tinggi kecenderungannya akan memberikan kelahiran seorang anak perempuan ketimbang ibu yang hamil dan tidak mengalami stres.

Kortisol merupakan sebuah produksi hormon steroid yang akan bereaksi terhadap stress. Para ilmuwan juga menemukan mereka yang memiliki kadar kortisol lebih tinggi hanya 25 persen yang bisa melahirkan bayi laki-laki.

Penelitian itu menguji 207 wanita di bulan -bulan sebelum mereka mengandung. Para pakar itu menemukan bahwa wanita yang mengalami stres jangka panjang dan kelelahan akan memerlukan waktu yang lama agar bisa mengandung.

awas bahaya aborsi "alasan-metode-dampak"

Aborsi dilakukan oleh seorang wanita hamil - baik yang telah menikah maupun yang belum menikah dengan berbagai alasan. Akan tetapi alasan yang paling utama adalah alasan-alasan yang non-medis (termasuk jenis aborsi buatan / sengaja). Para wanita mestinya menghindari menggugurkan kandungan (aborsi) karena sangat berdampak buruk bagi kesehatan diri sendiri. Kegiatan aborsi harus dihindari karena sangat beresiko tinggi bagi kesehatan, khususnya rusaknya rahim kandungan bagi wanita. Artikel berikut akan mencoba membuat pengetahuan anda akan aborsi bertambah, sehingga anda akan mempertimbangkan jika hendak melakukannya.

Alasan Aborsi

Kegiatan aborsi biasanya dilakukan oleh seorang wanita hamil, baik yang sudah menikah maupun wanita hamil di luar nikah, dengan beragam alasan. Data yang ada menunjukkan rata-rata wanita melakukan kegiatan aborsi karena tidak ingin memiliki anak. Mereka khawatir kehadiran anak mengganggu karier.

Di Amerika, alasan-alasan dilakukannya aborsi adalah : 

1. Tidak ingin memiliki anak karena khawatir mengganggu karir, sekolah atau tanggung jawab lain (75%)
2. Tidak memiliki cukup uang untuk merawat anak (66%)
3. Tidak ingin memiliki anak tanpa ayah (50%)

Hormones & Endocrine System

DEFINITION

The endocrine system consists of a group of organs (sometimes referred to as glands of internal secretion), whose primary function is to produce and release hormones directly into the bloodstream. Hormones act as messengers to coordinate the activities of various organs.

Endocrine

The main organs of the endocrine system are:

The hypothalamus

Pituitary gland

The thyroid gland

Parathyroid glands

Pancreatic islands

Adrenal gland

The scrotum

Ovaries.

During pregnancy, the placenta also acts as an endocrine gland.The hypothalamus releases a hormone that stimulates the pituitary; some of which trigger the release of other hormones that suppress pituitary and pituitary hormone release.

Pituitary gland is sometimes called the ruling because the pituitary gland coordinates many functions of other endocrine glands. Some pituitary hormones have direct effects, some others simply controlling the speed of release of hormones by other organs.

Pituitary hormones control the release rate itself through a feedback mechanism, where the other endocrine hormone levels in the blood gives a signal to the pituitary to slow down or accelerate the release of hormones.

Not all of the endocrine glands are under the control of the pituitary; some of them respond, either directly or indirectly, against the concentration of substances in the blood:

Insulin-producing cells of the pancreas respond to glucose and fatty acids

Parathyroid cells respond to calcium and phosphate

Adrenal medulla (part of the adrenal gland) responds to direct stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Many organs that release hormones or hormone-like substances, but usually not mentioned as part of the endocrine system. Some of these organs produce substances that act only at its disposal, while others do not release their products into the bloodstream.For example, the brain produces various hormones whose effects are primarily confined to the nervous system.

HORMONES

Hormones are substances that are released into the bloodstream from a gland or organ, which affects the activity in the cells. Most hormones are proteins consisting of amino acid chains with different lengths. The rest is a steroid, which is a fatty substance which is a derivative of cholesterol. Hormones in very small amounts can trigger the body's response is very broad.

Hormone bound to receptors on the cell surface or inside the cell.Association between hormone and receptor will accelerate, slow down or alter cell function. In the end hormones control the function of the organ as a whole:

Hormones control the growth and development, reproduction and sexual characteristics

Hormones affect the way the body uses and stores energy

Hormones also control the volume of liquid and water and salt levels in the blood.

Some hormones affect only one or two organs, while other hormones that affect the entire body. For instance, TSH is produced by the pituitary gland and affects only the thyroid gland.While thyroid hormone produced by the thyroid gland, but these hormones affect cells throughout the body. Insulin is produced by pancreatic islet cells and affects the metabolism of sugars, proteins, and fats throughout the body.

ENDOCRINE CONTROL

If the endocrine glands function disorders, the levels of hormones in the blood may be high or low, thereby disrupting body functions. To control the endocrine function, then the release of each hormone should be regulated within the limits of the right.The body needs to feel from time to time if it takes more or less hormones.

The hypothalamus and pituitary gland releases hormones if they feel that the levels of other hormones that control them are too high or too low.

And pituitary hormones into the bloodstream to stimulate activity in the target gland. If the target gland hormone levels in the blood sufficient, then the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to know that stimulation is not required anymore and they stopped releasing hormone. Feedback system can control all the glands that are under the control of the pituitary.

Certain hormones under control of the pituitary has a function that has a specific timetable. For example, a woman's menstrual cycle involves increased secretion of LH and FSH by the pituitary gland of each month. Hormones estrogen and progesterone on the ovaries also had levels have fluctuated each month.

The exact mechanism of control by the hypothalamus and pituitary to bioritmik still can not understand. But it is clear that the organs respond to such a biological clock.

Other factors also stimulate the formation of hormones. Prolactin (hormone secreted by the pituitary gland) causes the milk glands in the breast produce milk. The baby's sucking on the nipple stimulates the pituitary to produce more prolactin. The baby's sucking also increase the release of oxytocin which causes wrinkle milk ducts so that the milk can flow into the baby's mouth.

Such gland and parathyroid gland pakreas island, not under the control of the pituitary. They have their own system to sense whether the body needs more or less hormones. For example, insulin levels increased immediately after a meal because the body has to process sugar from food. If insulin levels are too high, blood sugar levels will drop to very low.

Other hormone levels vary based on reasons that are unclear.Corticosteroid levels and the highest growth hormone found in the morning and lowest at dusk. The reason this happens is not fully understood.

Benefits of Water

Benefits of Water

What are the benefits of white water for our bodies.

1. Streamlining the system pencernaanMengkonsumsi adequate amounts of water every day will facilitate the digestive system so that we will avoid digestive problems such as ulcers or constipation. Burning calories will also be run efficiently.

2. Water helps slow the growth of cancer-causing substances, plus prevent kidney stones and heart disease. Drinking water will make the body more energy.

3. KecantikanBila care less drinking water, the body will absorb the water content in the skin so the skin becomes dry and wrinkled. In addition, water can protect the skin from the outside, as well as moisturize and nourish the skin.

4. To kesuburanMeningkatkan testosterone production in men and estrogen in wanita.Menurut bacilli study of a thrombosis research institute in London, England, if a person is always showered with cold water circulation and the body feels fresh and fit. Bathing with cold water will increase the production of white blood cells in the body and increase a person's ability to attack the virus. In fact, a cold shower in the morning can increase testosterone production in men and estrogen in women. With so fertility and sexual excitement will increase. Also improves skin tissue, nails healthy and strong, not easily cracked.

5. Healthy jantungAir also believed to participate cure heart disease, rheumatism, skin damage, Papas tract disease, intestinal, dap femininity disease, etc..

6. As a drug hot strokeAir not only used to treat various skin diseases, but also effective for treating paralysis, such as stroke.Therefore, the water can help strengthen back muscles and ligaments as well as expedite the circulatory system and respiratory system. Effect of heat causes dilation of blood vessels, increase blood circulation and tissue oxygenation, thus preventing muscle stiffness, relieve pain and calm the mind.

7. Effect relaksasiCobalah standing in the shower and feel the effects in the body. Shower water that falls into the body feels like a massage and be able to eliminate fatigue because it feels like a massage. Some alternative medicine experts say, that contact with a fountain, a walk around the waterfalls, or rivers and parks with lots of showers, will get benefits of negative ions. Negative ions which arise due to water droplets collide it can ease the pain, neutralize toxins, fight disease, and help to absorb and utilize oxygen.

8. Thin white badanAir also be eliminating impurities in the body that will be faster out through the urine. For those who want to attenuate any loss, drinking warm water before eating (making it feel somewhat satisfied) is one way to reduce the amount of food intake. Moreover, the water contains no calories, sugars, or fats.Want skinny?, Drinking water only.

9. More bugarKhasiat body of water not only to cleanse the body, but also as a substance that our bodies need. we may be able to survive food shortages less water than a few days. Therefore, water is a major part in human body composition.

Ever Fractured Teeth, Remove or Shaky

DEFINITION

A person experiencing brief pain, sharp when chewing or when eating something cold may have a broken tooth that is incomplete (greenstick). During the fracture is incomplete and does not split part of the tooth, the dentist can correct the problem with the restoration. Upper front teeth tend to wounded and broken.

If after tooth injury is not sensitive to air, most likely only the hard outer surface (enamel) has been damaged. Even if the enamel has a small cleft, immediate treatment is not required. Fault on the intermediate layer of the teeth (dentine) are usually painful when exposed to air and food, so people with few teeth with fracture seek help immediately.

If the fracture affects most parts of the tooth (pulp), red blotches and often some blood will appear in the fracture. Root canal treatment may be needed to remove the pulp that remains before they die and cause severe pain.

If an injury loosens a tooth in the socket or if the surrounding gum tissue bleed very much, a person should see a dentist immediately. Damaged baby teeth (deciduous) in the front of the mouth of the possibility raised if the tooth is completely lost to prevent damage to permanent teeth without losing space for teeth that have not appeared.

Wobbly milk teeth (avulsed) should not be planted again fear will damage the permanent tooth bud. Adult wobbly tooth requires immediate treatment. Tooth should be rinsed and placed in their sockets. If it is not possible, the tooth should be placed in a glass of milk (milk provides a good medium to support the tooth). At the same time, people and the tooth should be immediately taken to the nearest dentist.

If the tooth is reimplanted within 30 minutes, the likelihood that it will remain healthy. Teeth are long out of the cavity, the worse the chance to succeed long term. Dentists usually splints the tooth to the surrounding teeth for 7 to 10 days. Teeth that are replanted immediately require root canal treatment. If the bone around the teeth has also been broken, the tooth should be in a splint for six to 10 weeks.

Diagnosis of Cancer

Cancer screening tests intended to determine the possibility of cancer. This test can reduce the number of deaths due to cancer, because if cancer is found in the earliest stages, usually can be treated before it spreads further. Screening tests are uncertain, the results reinforced or refuted by an examination and further tests.

Although screening tests can save someone's life, but it is expensive and sometimes lead to psychological or physical reactions. Screening tests usually provide a large number of false positive results, which allegedly occurred when in fact it is not cancer. Screening tests can also give false negative results, where no evidence of a cancer when the cancer has occurred.

False positive results can cause undue psychological stress and can lead to do other tests are expensive and dangerous. False negative results can melenakan someone in a false sense of security. Because of that medical practitioners should carefully consider whether screening tests are not necessary or not.

Two screening tests most widely used in women is Papanicolaou test (Pap smear) to find cervical cancer and mammography to find breast cancer. Both of these tests have been successful in reducing death rates from these cancers.

Screening tests are often done on men is measured levels of PSA (prostate-specific agent) in the blood. In patients with prostate cancer, PSA levels are high, but levels are also elevated in men with benign prostate enlargement. Disadvantages of this test is its high cost and frequent false-positive results were found.

Other screening tests are often used to check blood tersermbunyi (occult blood) in the stool. Occult blood can not be seen with the naked eye, should be an examination of stool samples. The discovery of occult blood in the stool is a chain of clues that something is wrong in the colon. Maybe a cancer, although other diseases can also lead to the discovery of a small amount of blood in the stool.

Some screening tests can be done at home. For example perform breast self-examination every month is invaluable in helping women find breast cancer. Regularly check the scrotum can help men discover scrotal cancer, one of the most curable cancer when caught at an early stage. Regularly check the presence of open sores in the mouth may help discover oral cancer in early stages.

CANCER DIAGNOSIS

Since this type of cancer and its treatment vary, then the diagnosis of cancer and determine its type is very important. This almost always requires a cancerous tissue sample for examination under a microscope. A number of special tests on samples of cancer tissue may be required to describe more about the cancers found.

If the type of cancer is known, will assist physicians in determining the examination to be performed, because every cancer tends to follow a certain pattern of growth and spread. In 7% of patients, the examination carried out to find the metastasis (spread) before the origin of cancer were observed.

Sometimes the cancer origin could not be found.

Doctors can usually determine the type of primary tumor with a biopsy of a metastatic cancer and examined under a microscope. But the identification of cancer is not always easy and certain.

DETERMINING CANCER STADIUM

If the cancer is found, staging examinations (staging) of cancer helps the doctor plan appropriate treatment and determine prognosis. Series of tests used to determine the location of the tumor, its size, its growth into surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body.

Staging can be done using:

Scan (eg liver or bone scan)

Coloration

CT (computed tomography) or MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

Mediastinoskopi

Bone marrow biopsy.

Sometimes surgery is necessary to determine the stage of cancer. For example a laparotomy (abdominal surgery) allows the surgeon to remove or treat colon cancer while determining the spread of cancer to nearby lymph nodes. Analysis of lymph nodes are removed from the armpit at the time of mastectomy, help determine how far breast cancer has spread and whether the necessary post-surgical therapy.

Splenectomy performed to remove the spleen and helps determine the stage of Hodgkin's disease. Skening ultrasonic procedure is non-invasive and painless, which uses sound waves to show the structure of internal organs. This examination is helpful in determining the size of certain cancers, especially cancers of kidney, liver, pelvis and prostate.

CT scan is used to find cancer in the brain, lungs and abdominal organs, including adrenal gland, lymph nodes, liver and spleen.

Limfangiogram is an exam in which dye is injected into the leg x-rays and then done the shooting. This examination helps find abnormalities in the abdominal lymph nodes and determine the stage of Hodgkin's disease and scrotal cancer.

With the MRI procedure could find brain cancer, bone and spinal cord.